Civil Law Terminology Glossary (A–Z) | Spanish-English
The Architecture of Civil Justice
Civil Law Terminology
A Professional Gift to the Interpreting Community from Samuel Arcelay
Welcome to the arena of Citizen versus Citizen. In civil law, the goal is not punishment; it is Restitution. For the interpreter, this requires a complete re-wiring of the mental lexicon. The words may sound the same, but their legal DNA has changed.
The Cognitive Shift: From "Guilt" to "Liability"
In criminal court, the question is: "Did he break the law?" In civil court, the question is: "Did he break a duty?"
A defendant is found Liable or Not Liable. They are never "Guilty."
Mastering these terms allows you to handle multimillion-dollar contract disputes as effectively as traffic arraignments.
A
Abandonment (Civil)Abandono (civil)
Definition: Failure to maintain or care for property, a contractual duty, or a dependent.
Context: Custody; landlord–tenant; contract breach.
Context: Custody; landlord–tenant; contract breach.
Accord and SatisfactionAcuerdo y satisfacción
Definition: A contract law concept where parties settle a dispute by accepting different performance.
Notes: "Accord" is the agreement, "satisfaction" is the execution.
Notes: "Accord" is the agreement, "satisfaction" is the execution.
Ad Litem RepresentativeRepresentante ad litem
Definition: Court-appointed individual to represent interests of a minor or incapacitated party.
Adverse PossessionPosesión adversa
Definition: Obtaining ownership through open, continuous, and hostile occupation (squatters’ rights).
AffidavitDeclaración jurada
Definition: Written statement of facts sworn under oath.
AgencyAgencia / Mandato
Definition: Relationship where one person (agent) acts on behalf of another (principal).
Alimony / Spousal SupportPensión alimenticia / Manutención conyugal
Definition: Court-ordered financial support paid to a spouse after separation.
Amended ComplaintDemanda enmendada
Definition: Revised version of a complaint that adds or removes allegations.
AnnulmentAnulación matrimonial
Definition: Legal declaration that a marriage was invalid from the beginning.
Answer (Civil Pleading)Contestación de la demanda civil
Definition: Formal written response to each allegation in a complaint.
Arbitration AgreementAcuerdo de arbitraje
Definition: Contract clause requiring resolution via neutral third party instead of court.
Assignment of RightsCesión de derechos
Definition: Transfer of contractual or legal rights from one party to another.
Assumption of RiskAsunción del riesgo
Definition: Legal doctrine barring recovery when a person knowingly engages in a risky activity.
Attachment (Property)Embargo preventivo / Retención de bienes
Definition: Court order "freezing" property pending judgment.
B
Bad Faith (Civil)Mala fe
Definition: Intentional dishonesty or refusal to fulfill a legal obligation.
BailmentDepósito / Contrato de custodia
Definition: Transfer of personal property for a specific purpose (e.g., car repairs).
Bench Trial (Civil)Juicio sin jurado / Juicio ante el juez
Definition: Trial where the judge, not a jury, determines the facts.
Bill of ParticularsDeclaración detallada de reclamaciones
Definition: Detailed statement clarifying the specific facts and claims.
Bona Fide PurchaserComprador de buena fe
Definition: Innocent party who purchases property without notice of competing claims.
Bond (Civil Surety)Fianza civil / Fianza de cumplimiento
Definition: Financial guarantee to ensure performance of a court order.
Breach of ContractIncumplimiento de contrato
Definition: Failure to perform a contractual duty without legal excuse.
Breach of Fiduciary DutyIncumplimiento del deber fiduciario
Definition: Violation of duty by one who must act in another’s best interest.
Burden of Proof (Civil)Carga de la prueba (estándar civil)
Definition: Requirement to prove case by a “preponderance of the evidence.”
Business Records ExceptionExcepción de registros comerciales
Definition: Hearsay exception for records kept in the ordinary course of business.
C
Capacity to ContractCapacidad contractual
Definition: Legal ability to enter into a binding agreement.
CausationCausalidad
Definition: Relationship of cause and effect between an act and damages.
Cause of ActionCausa de acción (civil)
Definition: Set of facts giving a person the right to bring a lawsuit.
Caveat EmptorCaveat emptor / Comprador, ten cuidado
Definition: "Let the buyer beware"; buyer assumes risk of expectations.
ChattelBien mueble / Enseres
Definition: An item of personal property other than real estate.
Civil ComplaintDemanda civil / Querella civil
Definition: Initial filing stating allegations and requested relief.
Civil LiabilityResponsabilidad civil
Definition: Legal responsibility for damages caused to others.
Class ActionDemanda colectiva
Definition: Lawsuit where a group with similar claims sues together.
Comparative NegligenceNegligencia comparativa
Definition: Doctrine reducing recovery based on plaintiff's percentage of fault.
Complaint VerificationVerificación de demanda
Definition: Sworn statement affirming truthfulness of civil allegations.
ConsiderationContraprestación / Causa contractual
Definition: Something of value exchanged between parties.
Constructive NoticeNotificación presunta
Definition: Legal presumption that a person should have known something.
Contempt of Court (Civil)Desacato civil
Definition: Coercive fine or jail until court order is obeyed.
Contributory NegligenceNegligencia contributiva
Definition: Doctrine barring recovery if plaintiff was even slightly at fault.
Conversion (Civil Theft)Apropiación indebida civil
Definition: Unauthorized exercise of control over someone else’s property.
Cross-Complaint / CounterclaimContrademanda
Definition: Defendant’s claim against plaintiff, filed with answer.
Custody (Legal / Physical)Custodia legal / Custodia física
Definition: Rights to make decisions for or house a child.
D
DamagesDaños (compensatorios / punitivos / nominales)
Definition: Monetary awards granted to an injured party.
Declaratory JudgmentSentencia declaratoria
Definition: Ruling establishing rights without awarding money.
Default JudgmentSentencia en rebeldía
Definition: Judgment entered when defendant fails to respond.
DefamationDifamación (libelo / calumnia)
Definition: False statements harming a person’s reputation.
Demand LetterCarta de requerimiento / Carta de demanda
Definition: Written request for payment or action before filing suit.
DepositionDeposición / Declaración jurada verbal
Definition: Sworn witness testimony taken outside of court.
Discovery (Civil)Descubrimiento de pruebas
Definition: Pre-trial phase where sides exchange evidence.
Dissolution of MarriageDisolución matrimonial
Definition: Legal termination of marriage; divorce.
Domestic PartnershipUnión doméstica / Pareja de hecho
Definition: Legally recognized relationship status short of marriage.
Due DiligenceDebida diligencia
Definition: Reasonable investigation or care required in business.
Duress (Contract Law)Coacción
Definition: Agreement entered involuntarily due to threats.
E
EasementServidumbre
Definition: Legal right to use someone else’s land for a specific purpose.
Emancipation (Minor)Emancipación de menor
Definition: Legal process granting independence from parents.
Emotional DistressDaño emocional (intencional / negligente)
Definition: Psychological harm that may entitle recovery.
EncumbranceGravamen / Carga real
Definition: Claim or lien against property limiting transfer.
Equitable ReliefRemedio equitativo
Definition: Non-monetary court orders (injunctions).
Escrow AccountCuenta de depósito en garantía (escrow)
Definition: Neutral account holding funds until conditions met.
EstoppelEstoppel / Inhibición legal
Definition: Doctrine preventing a party from contradicting prior statements.
Eviction (Civil)Desalojo / Desahucio
Definition: Legal removal of a tenant via court order.
Ex Parte MotionMoción ex parte
Definition: Request made without notifying the other side (emergency).
F
Family Court MotionMoción ante el tribunal de familia
Definition: Request for orders on custody or support.
Fee-Shifting ProvisionCláusula de pago de honorarios
Definition: Clause requiring loser to pay winner's legal fees.
Fiduciary DutyDeber fiduciario
Definition: Obligation to act in the best interest of another.
Force MajeureFuerza mayor
Definition: Unforeseeable "Acts of God" preventing fulfillment of contract.
ForeclosureEjecución hipotecaria
Definition: Legal seizure of property after loan default.
Fraud (Civil)Fraude civil
Definition: Intentional deception causing harm or loss.
Frivolous LawsuitDemanda frívola
Definition: Claim lacking legal basis filed to harass.
Full Faith and CreditPlena fe y crédito
Definition: Requirement that states honor other states' judicial decisions.
G
GarnishmentEmbargo salarial / Embargo de cuenta bancaria
Definition: Collection of debt directly from wages or assets.
General DamagesDaños generales
Definition: Compensation for pain, suffering, and emotional harm.
Good FaithBuena fe
Definition: Honest intention to act without deception.
Grace PeriodPeríodo de gracia
Definition: Penalty-free extra time to perform an obligation.
Guardian Ad LitemTutor ad litem
Definition: Person appointed to investigate the "best interests" of a child.
Guardian of the EstateAdministrador del patrimonio / Guardián de bienes
Definition: Person managing finances for a protected individual.
Guardian of the PersonTutor legal / Guardián de la persona
Definition: Person responsible for personal/medical decisions of an ward.
Guardianship ProceedingsProcedimientos de tutela / tutela legal
Definition: Court process establishing authority over an incapacitated person.
H
Harassment (Civil)Acoso (civil)
Definition: Unwanted conduct causing emotional harm.
Hearing (Civil)Audiencia (civil)
Definition: Court session where judge hears arguments or evidence.
HeirshipHerencia / Sucesión hereditaria
Definition: Legal status allowing inheritance of property.
Hold Harmless AgreementAcuerdo de exoneración de responsabilidad
Definition: Clause agreeing not to hold the other party liable for harms.
Holdover TenantInquilino retenedor / Inquilino que permanece
Definition: Tenant remaining in property after lease expiration.
Homeowners’ Association (HOA)Asociación de propietarios (HOA)
Definition: Organization governing common-interest communities.
Hostile Work EnvironmentAmbiente laboral hostil
Definition: Workplace harassment pervasive enough to affect employment.
Housing DiscriminationDiscriminación en la vivienda
Definition: Unequal treatment in renting/selling based on protected traits.
I
Immunity (Civil)Inmunidad civil
Definition: Protection from liability or lawsuits (qualified/sovereign).
Impeachment (Civil Witness)Impugnación del testigo
Definition: Process of challenging a witness's credibility.
ImpleaderTercería / Imputación de tercero
Definition: Defendant bringing a third party into a suit who may be liable.
In Personam JurisdictionJurisdicción in personam / Jurisdicción personal
Definition: Court's power over the specific person involved.
Indemnification ClauseCláusula de indemnización
Definition: Contract provision requiring reimbursement for losses.
Informed ConsentConsentimiento informado
Definition: Agreement to a procedure after understanding risks.
InjunctionInterdicto / Orden judicial / Mandato judicial
Definition: Court order compelling or prohibiting conduct.
Insurance Bad FaithMala fe del asegurador
Definition: Unreasonable denial or delay of insurance benefits.
Intellectual Property (IP)Propiedad intelectual
Definition: Legal protections for creative works (copyrights, patents).
InterrogatoriesInterrogatorios
Definition: Written discovery questions answered under oath.
Intestate / IntestacyIntestado / Sucesión intestada
Definition: Condition of dying without a valid will.
Invasion of PrivacyInvasión de la privacidad
Definition: Unlawful intrusion into personal life or data.
Involuntary CommitmentInternamiento involuntario (civil)
Definition: Court-ordered mental health treatment for safety.
J
JoinderAcumulación de acciones o partes
Definition: Inclusion of additional claims or parties in one action.
Joint CustodyCustodia compartida
Definition: Shared decision-making and/or physical care of a child.
Joint LiabilityResponsabilidad solidaria
Definition: Multiple defendants responsible together for same damages.
Joint TenancyCopropiedad conjunta con derecho de supervivencia
Definition: Co-ownership where survivors inherit the share of the deceased.
Judgment CreditorAcreedor por sentencia
Definition: Winning party who is owed money under judgment.
Judgment DebtorDeudor por sentencia
Definition: Party who owes money under a civil judgment.
Judgment Lien (Civil)Gravamen por sentencia (civil)
Definition: Lien against real property based on judgment.
Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict (JNOV)Sentencia no obstante veredicto
Definition: Judge overruling jury due to law insufficiency.
Judicial Review (Civil)Revisión judicial
Definition: Court authority to evaluate legality of gov actions.
JuratJurado (formato notarial) / Certificación notarial
Definition: Certification where notary verifies oath/affirmation.
Justiciable IssueCuestión justiciable
Definition: Issue appropriate for court (real controversy).
K
Key Money (Housing)Llave / Pago ilegal por llave
Definition: Unlawful payment to obtain/keep a rental unit.
Kick-Out Clause (Lease)Cláusula de desalojo automático
Definition: Provision allowing termination under specific conditions.
Kinship CareCuidado por familiares
Definition: Placement of child with relatives.
Knowledge of DefectConocimiento del defecto
Definition: Awareness of dangerous conditions affecting liability.
Known Loss Rule (Insurance)Regla de pérdida conocida
Definition: Rule preventing coverage for losses known before policy.
L
LachesLaches / Doctrina de demora perjudicial
Definition: Defense claiming unreasonable delay prejudiced opponent.
Land Use PermitPermiso de uso de suelo
Definition: Authorization for specific property uses/zoning.
Landlord’s Duty of HabitabilityDeber del propietario de garantizar habitabilidad
Definition: Requirement to maintain safe, livable rental property.
Lease AssignmentCesión de contrato de arrendamiento
Definition: Transfer of tenant rights to another person.
Legal GuardianGuardián legal / Tutor legal
Definition: Person with legal authority to care for another.
LibelLibelo / Difamación escrita
Definition: Written or printed defamation.
Lien (Property)Gravamen / Embargo
Definition: Legal claim on property to secure debt.
Limited Liability Company (LLC)Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (LLC)
Definition: Business structure protecting personal assets of owners.
Liquidated DamagesDaños liquidados
Definition: Designated compensation amount for a specific breach.
Lis PendensAviso de litigio pendiente (lis pendens)
Definition: Notice that property is subject to litigation.
Litigation HoldRetención de documentos para litigio
Definition: Order requiring preservation of potential evidence.
Loan ModificationModificación de préstamo
Definition: Permanent change to loan terms for affordability.
M
Maintenance (Support)Manutención / Pensión alimenticia
Definition: Ordered financial assistance for children/spouse.
MalpracticeMala praxis
Definition: Negligence or incompetence of a professional.
Marital Settlement AgreementAcuerdo de liquidación matrimonial
Definition: Contract resolving property/custody in divorce.
Mechanic’s LienGravamen de mecánico / Gravamen de contratista
Definition: Security interest for unpaid construction work.
MediationMediación
Definition: Neutral third-party negotiation aid.
Mental Capacity (Civil)Capacidad mental (civil)
Definition: Ability to understand decisions and consequences.
Mitigation of DamagesMitigación de daños
Definition: Duty of injured party to reduce additional losses.
Motion for Summary JudgmentMoción de juicio sumario
Definition: Request for decision based on undisputed facts.
Motion to CompelMoción para obligar
Definition: Request forcing compliance with discovery.
Municipal Code ViolationViolación del código municipal
Definition: Infraction against local safety/building rules.
N
NegligenceNegligencia
Definition: Failure to use reasonable care.
Negligent MisrepresentationDeclaración negligente falsa
Definition: Careless false statement causing harm.
Non-Compete AgreementAcuerdo de no competencia
Definition: Restricts post-employment competition.
Non-Dischargeable DebtDeuda no exonerable
Definition: Debts that cannot be eliminated in bankruptcy.
Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA)Acuerdo de confidencialidad
Definition: Contract requiring secrecy of information.
Non-Renewal NoticeAviso de no renovación
Definition: Notice that a contract will not be continued.
Notary AcknowledgmentReconocimiento notarial
Definition: Certification of signer’s identity and voluntary act.
NovationNovación
Definition: Substituting a new contract or party for an old one.
NuisanceMolestia pública / Molestia privada
Definition: Interference with enjoyment of property or community rights.
O
Objection (Civil)Objeción
Definition: Opposition to evidence or questions in court.
Occupancy AgreementAcuerdo de ocupación
Definition: Right to live in property without full lease.
Offer of SettlementOferta de acuerdo / Oferta de conciliación
Definition: Proposal to resolve a case outside trial.
Offset / SetoffCompensación de deudas / Compensación
Definition: Reducing a claim by the amount of a countervailing claim.
Order to Show Cause (OSC)Orden para demostrar causa
Definition: Order to explain why relief should not be granted.
Out-of-Pocket ExpensesGastos de bolsillo
Definition: Actual monetary losses incurred.
Overpayment RecoveryRecuperación de pagos en exceso
Definition: Effort to reclaim subsidies paid incorrectly.
P
Parental Rights TerminationTerminación de derechos parentales
Definition: Permanent end of legal relation between parent/child.
Parenting PlanPlan de crianza / Plan de parentalidad
Definition: Written schedule for custody and decision-making.
Parol Evidence RuleRegla de prueba oral / Regla de parole evidence
Definition: Prevents contradictory oral evidence of written contracts.
Partition ActionAcción de partición de propiedad
Definition: Lawsuit to divide jointly owned real estate.
Personal Injury ClaimReclamación por lesiones personales
Definition: Claim for physical, emotional, or financial harm.
PlaintiffDemandante / Parte actora
Definition: Party who initiates a civil lawsuit.
Power of Attorney (POA)Poder legal / Poder notarial
Definition: Legal authorization to act for another.
Preliminary InjunctionInterdicto preliminar / Mandato preliminar
Definition: Temporary order preventing action until full hearing.
Premises LiabilityResponsabilidad por locales
Definition: Owner's liability for injuries on their property.
Preponderance of the EvidencePreponderancia de la prueba
Definition: Civil proof standard: "more likely than not" (51%).
Privity of ContractPrivacidad contractual / Relación contractual
Definition: Legal relationship allowing parties to sue each other.
Probate ProceedingsProcedimientos de sucesión / Legalización de testamento
Definition: Validating a will and distributing assets.
Product LiabilityResponsabilidad por productos defectuosos
Definition: Liability for injuries caused by defective goods.
Promissory NotePagaré
Definition: Written promise to pay specific money at specific time.
Protective Order (Civil)Orden de protección civil
Definition: Order restricting contact or proximity.
Proximate CauseCausa próxima / Causa inmediata
Definition: Primary event causing the injury.
Punitive DamagesDaños punitivos
Definition: Awards intended to punish egregious wrongdoing.
Q
Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO)Orden calificada de relación doméstica (QDRO)
Definition: Order dividing retirement benefits.
Quiet EnjoymentGoce pacífico
Definition: Right to enjoy property without interference.
Quiet Title ActionAcción de título limpio / Juicio de saneamiento
Definition: Lawsuit to resolve competing ownership claims.
Quid Pro Quo HarassmentAcoso sexual quid pro quo
Definition: Harassment where benefits depend on sexual favors.
Quitclaim DeedEscritura de renuncia / Escritura de desistimiento
Definition: Transferring ownership without warranties.
QuorumQuórum
Definition: Minimum members for valid decision-making.
R
ReceivershipAdministración judicial / Recepción judicial
Definition: Appointment of neutral manager to control assets.
ReformationReforma contractual
Definition: Court revision of contract for true intent.
Release of ClaimsLiberación de reclamaciones
Definition: Waiving the right to sue over specific issues.
RemedyRemedio / Recurso legal
Definition: Means to enforce a right or compensate injury.
ReplevinReplevin / Recuperación de bienes muebles
Definition: Action to recover property wrongfully taken.
Res Ipsa LoquiturRes ipsa loquitur / Los hechos hablan por sí mismos
Definition: Doctrine inferring negligence from the accident itself.
Res JudicataRes judicata / Cosa juzgada
Definition: Matter already adjudicated preventing re-litigation.
Rescission of ContractRescisión del contrato
Definition: Cancellation restoring parties to original position.
Restraining Order (Civil)Orden de restricción civil
Definition: Order preventing contact or proximity.
RetaliationRepresalia laboral
Definition: Adverse action due to protected activity.
Revocation of ConsentRevocación del consentimiento
Definition: Withdrawal of previously granted approval.
Right of RedemptionDerecho de redención
Definition: Right to reclaim property by paying debt.
S
Sanctions (Civil Court)Sanciones judiciales (civiles)
Definition: Penalties for violating court/discovery rules.
Service of ProcessNotificación procesal / Emplazamiento
Definition: Delivery of legal summons/complaint.
Settlement AgreementAcuerdo de conciliación / Acuerdo transaccional
Definition: Binding contract resolving a dispute.
Severability ClauseCláusula de divisibilidad
Definition: Clause keeping contract valid if one part fails.
SlanderCalumnia / Difamación oral
Definition: Defamation that is spoken.
Small Claims CourtTribunal de reclamos menores
Definition: Court for low-value disputes with simple rules.
Specific PerformanceCumplimiento específico
Definition: Court order requiring performance of contract terms.
Standard of CareEstándar de cuidado
Definition: Degree of caution required under duty.
Statute of FraudsEstatuto de fraudes
Definition: Law requiring certain deals (land) in writing.
Statute of Limitations (Civil)Plazo de prescripción (civil)
Definition: Time limit for filing a lawsuit.
StipulationEstipulación
Definition: Agreement between attorneys on case business.
Strict LiabilityResponsabilidad estricta / Responsabilidad objetiva
Definition: Liability without fault or negligence.
Subpoena Duces Tecum (Civil)Citatorio para presentar documentos
Definition: Order requiring production of documents.
SubrogationSubrogación
Definition: Substitution of one group for another regarding debt/claims.
Summary EvictionDesalojo sumario
Definition: Accelerated procedure for removing tenants.
SummonsEmplazamiento / Citación
Definition: Paper asserting court power and notice of suit.
T
Temporary Restraining Order (TRO)Orden de restricción temporal
Definition: Short-term emergency prevention order.
Tenancy-at-WillArrendamiento a voluntad
Definition: Occupation without fixed term; terminable anytime.
Third-Party BeneficiaryBeneficiario de tercero
Definition: Person benefiting from a contract not signed by them.
Third-Party ComplaintDemanda de tercero
Definition: Complaint against a party newly added to the suit.
Tort ClaimReclamación por agravio
Definition: Claim based on wrongful acts causing loss.
TortfeasorAutor del agravio / Responsable del daño
Definition: Person who commits a tort (the defendant).
Trial De Novo (Civil Appeals)Juicio de novo / Nuevo juicio
Definition: Hearing a case again as if no prior decision existed.
Trustee (Civil / Probate)Fiduciario / Administrador del fideicomiso
Definition: Person managing property held in trust.
Turnover OrderOrden de entrega de bienes
Definition: Order requiring debtor to surrender assets.
U
UCC (Uniform Commercial Code)Código Comercial Uniforme (UCC)
Definition: Laws governing nationwide commercial transactions.
Unconscionable ContractContrato abusivo / Contrato leonino
Definition: Agreement so one-sided it is refused enforcement.
Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA)Ley Uniforme de Sustento Familiar Interestatal (UIFSA)
Definition: Law governing support across state lines.
Unjust EnrichmentEnriquecimiento injusto
Definition: Benefiting unfairly at another's expense.
Unlawful DetainerRetención ilegal de propiedad / Desalojo
Definition: Legal action to remove non-vacating tenants.
UsuryUsura
Definition: Charging illegally high interest rates.
V
Vacate JudgmentAnular sentencia
Definition: Invalidating prior judgment due to error/evidence.
Venue (Civil)Competencia territorial / Jurisdicción territorial
Definition: Proper geographic location for a hearing.
Verdict Form (Civil)Formulario de veredicto (civil)
Definition: Document where jury records findings/damages.
Vested RightsDerechos adquiridos / Derechos consolidados
Definition: Rights that cannot be revoked once granted.
Vicarious LiabilityResponsabilidad vicaria / Responsabilidad indirecta
Definition: Liability for acts of another (employer for employee).
Visitation RightsDerechos de visita
Definition: Noncustodial parent's rights to spend time with child.
Voluntary Dismissal (Civil)Desestimación voluntaria (civil)
Definition: Plaintiff withdrawing a lawsuit.
W
WaiverRenuncia / Exención
Definition: Voluntary relinquishment of a known legal right.
Warranty (Express / Implied)Garantía (expresa / implícita)
Definition: Promise regarding quality or performance of goods.
Warranty DeedEscritura de garantía
Definition: Deed where grantor guarantees clear title.
Withholding of RentRetención de renta
Definition: Lawful right to stop payment for failed repairs.
Without PrejudiceSin perjuicio
Definition: Ruling that does not prevent refiling later.
Writ of ExecutionMandamiento de ejecución
Definition: Court order permitting seizure of property after judgment.
Writ of PossessionMandamiento de posesión
Definition: Final stage order to return property to landlord.
Wrongful Death ActionAcción por muerte injusta
Definition: Claim for losses caused by death due to negligence.
Wrongful TerminationDespido injustificado / Despido ilícito
Definition: Firing in violation of contract or law.
X
Xeriscaping RestrictionsRestricciones de xerojardinería
Definition: Limits on low-water landscaping.
XML Evidence SubmissionPresentación de pruebas en formato XML
Definition: Electronic filing using structured XML data.
Y
Yield Spread PremiumPrima por diferencial de rendimiento
Definition: Fee paid for placing borrowers in high-interest loans.
Youth Curfew OrdinanceOrdenanza de toque de queda juvenil
Definition: Local law restricting minors in public during hours.
Youthful Offender PetitionPetición de infractor juvenil
Definition: Request for juvenile rule treatment in criminal matters.
Z
Zero Lot Line ConstructionConstrucción al límite del terreno
Definition: Structure built directly on property boundary line.
Zoning Board of AppealsJunta de apelaciones de zonificación
Definition: Body hearing challenges to zoning decisions.
Zoning Enforcement ActionAcción de cumplimiento de zonificación
Definition: Government action when property violates zoning laws.
Zoning OrdinanceOrdenanza de zonificación
Definition: Local law regulating land use and building size.
Zoning VarianceExención de zonificación / Variación de zonificación
Definition: Permission to use land in normally disallowed ways.