Comprehensive Legal Terminology Index (A–Z) | Spanish-English
Interpreter's Rapid-Response Toolkit
Comprehensive Legal Terminology
A Professional Gift to the Interpreting Community from Samuel Arcelay
Section 1 is designed as your Rapid-Response Toolkit. It is an alphabetical master list that cuts across all categories—criminal, civil, procedural, and evidentiary. Think of this section as the "Emergency Room" of your glossary: it is where you go when you need to triage a vocabulary problem instantly.
"In the heat of a trial or deposition, you do not always have time to remember if a term belongs to 'Police Procedure' or 'Forensics.' Sometimes, you just need the word. Immediately."
Breadth vs. Depth: This section prioritizes breadth, covering the high-frequency vocabulary appearing in 80% of proceedings, including critical "False Friends" like Assault (agresión, not asalto) and Burglary (robo con allanamiento).
A
AbandonmentAbandono
Definition: The act of voluntarily giving up rights or property without the intention of reclaiming them.
Notes: Can apply to property, contracts, or family law (child abandonment).
Context: Family law; property law.
Notes: Can apply to property, contracts, or family law (child abandonment).
Context: Family law; property law.
AbductionRapto / Secuestro
Definition: The illegal carrying away of a person by force or fraud.
Notes: Often distinguished from kidnapping by the lack of a ransom demand.
Context: Violent crimes; family law.
Notes: Often distinguished from kidnapping by the lack of a ransom demand.
Context: Violent crimes; family law.
AbscondFugarse / Huir
Definition: To leave hurriedly and secretly, typically to avoid detection or arrest.
Notes: Often results in a fugitive warrant.
Context: Bail violations; fugitive status.
Notes: Often results in a fugitive warrant.
Context: Bail violations; fugitive status.
Accessory After the FactCómplice después del hecho
Definition: A person who knowingly assists someone after a crime has been committed, such as hiding the suspect or destroying evidence.
Notes: Usually charged separately from the underlying crime.
Context: Obstruction; post-crime assistance.
Notes: Usually charged separately from the underlying crime.
Context: Obstruction; post-crime assistance.
Accessory Before the FactCómplice antes del hecho
Definition: A person who intentionally helps plan or encourage a crime prior to its commission but is not physically present during the offense.
Notes: Treated similarly to the principal offender in many jurisdictions.
Context: Felonies; criminal responsibility.
Notes: Treated similarly to the principal offender in many jurisdictions.
Context: Felonies; criminal responsibility.
AccompliceCómplice
Definition: A person who voluntarily participates in the commission of a crime with another individual.
Notes: May testify against co-defendants; accomplice testimony often requires corroboration.
Context: Joint criminal enterprise.
Notes: May testify against co-defendants; accomplice testimony often requires corroboration.
Context: Joint criminal enterprise.
AcquittalAbsolución / Veredicto de no culpable
Definition: Legal judgment that the accused is not guilty of the crime charged.
Notes: Prevents retrial under Double Jeopardy.
Context: Trial verdict.
Notes: Prevents retrial under Double Jeopardy.
Context: Trial verdict.
AdjudicationAdjudicación / Fallo judicial
Definition: The formal legal process of resolving a dispute or deciding a case.
Notes: Can refer to the final judgment in a juvenile case.
Context: Court proceedings; juvenile justice.
Notes: Can refer to the final judgment in a juvenile case.
Context: Court proceedings; juvenile justice.
Admissible EvidencePruebas admisibles / Evidencia admisible
Definition: Evidence that the trial judge finds useful, reliable, and relevant to the case, and not otherwise excluded by law.
Notes: Must follow rules of evidence.
Context: Trial procedure.
Notes: Must follow rules of evidence.
Context: Trial procedure.
Affidavit of ComplaintDeclaración jurada de denuncia
Definition: A sworn written statement used to initiate criminal charges, usually filed by an officer or complaining witness.
Notes: Must establish probable cause.
Context: Arrest process; charging documents.
Notes: Must establish probable cause.
Context: Arrest process; charging documents.
AffirmationAfirmación / Protesta solemne
Definition: A solemn declaration made in place of an oath if a person objects to swearing on religious grounds.
Notes: Has the same legal effect as an oath.
Context: Witness testimony.
Notes: Has the same legal effect as an oath.
Context: Witness testimony.
AffrayRiña tumultuaria / Altercado público
Definition: A public fight that disturbs the peace.
Notes: Involves two or more persons fighting in a public place.
Context: Public order offenses.
Notes: Involves two or more persons fighting in a public place.
Context: Public order offenses.
Aggravated AssaultAgresión agravada
Definition: A more serious form of assault involving a deadly weapon, serious bodily injury, or intent to commit a felony.
Notes: Penalties are significantly higher than simple assault.
Context: Violent crimes.
Notes: Penalties are significantly higher than simple assault.
Context: Violent crimes.
Aggravating FactorsFactores agravantes
Definition: Circumstances that increase the severity of a crime or sentence, such as use of a weapon or prior convictions.
Notes: Often listed in sentencing statutes.
Context: Sentencing hearings; enhancements.
Notes: Often listed in sentencing statutes.
Context: Sentencing hearings; enhancements.
Aiding and AbettingAyudar e instigar / Auxiliar en la comisión de un delito
Definition: Providing assistance, support, or encouragement to another person who commits a crime.
Notes: Can lead to the same criminal liability as the principal offender.
Context: Criminal charges; accomplice liability.
Notes: Can lead to the same criminal liability as the principal offender.
Context: Criminal charges; accomplice liability.
AlibiCoartada
Definition: A claim or evidence showing the accused was somewhere else at the time the crime occurred.
Notes: Defense has no duty to prove an alibi but may need to disclose if requested.
Context: Criminal defense strategy.
Notes: Defense has no duty to prove an alibi but may need to disclose if requested.
Context: Criminal defense strategy.
AllocutionAlocución
Definition: A formal statement made by the defendant to the judge before sentencing.
Notes: Defendant may express remorse or explain their actions.
Context: Sentencing hearing.
Notes: Defendant may express remorse or explain their actions.
Context: Sentencing hearing.
AppealApelación / Recurso de apelación
Definition: A request to a higher court to review a lower court's decision for legal errors.
Notes: Not a new trial; reviews the record only.
Context: Post-conviction; appellate procedure.
Notes: Not a new trial; reviews the record only.
Context: Post-conviction; appellate procedure.
Appeal BondFianza de apelación
Definition: Money posted to release a defendant from custody while their appeal is pending.
Notes: Not automatically granted.
Context: Appellate procedure.
Notes: Not automatically granted.
Context: Appellate procedure.
AppearanceComparecencia
Definition: The act of coming into court as a party to a suit.
Notes: Can be in person or through an attorney.
Context: Court scheduling.
Notes: Can be in person or through an attorney.
Context: Court scheduling.
ArbitrationArbitraje
Definition: A method of resolving disputes outside of court where a neutral third party makes a decision.
Notes: Can be binding or non-binding.
Context: Civil disputes; labor law.
Notes: Can be binding or non-binding.
Context: Civil disputes; labor law.
Armed RobberyRobo a mano armada
Definition: Theft committed through the use, display, or threat of a deadly weapon.
Notes: Considered a violent felony.
Context: Robbery; felony charges.
Notes: Considered a violent felony.
Context: Robbery; felony charges.
ArraignmentLectura de cargos / Comparecencia inicial
Definition: First court appearance where charges are formally read and the defendant enters a plea.
Notes: Defendant is advised of rights and bail may be addressed.
Context: Criminal procedure; pre-trial.
Notes: Defendant is advised of rights and bail may be addressed.
Context: Criminal procedure; pre-trial.
ArrestArresto / Detención
Definition: The act of taking a person into custody based on probable cause that they committed a crime.
Notes: Triggers Miranda in custodial interrogation.
Context: Police procedure; criminal process.
Notes: Triggers Miranda in custodial interrogation.
Context: Police procedure; criminal process.
Arrest WarrantOrden de arresto
Definition: A judicial order authorizing law enforcement to arrest a specific person.
Notes: Must be supported by probable cause.
Context: Police procedure; warrants.
Notes: Must be supported by probable cause.
Context: Police procedure; warrants.
ArsonIncendio provocado
Definition: The malicious burning of property, such as a building or vehicle.
Notes: Often carries severe penalties.
Context: Property crimes; felonies.
Notes: Often carries severe penalties.
Context: Property crimes; felonies.
AssaultAgresión
Definition: An intentional act that creates a reasonable apprehension of imminent harmful or offensive contact.
Notes: Often charged with battery.
Context: Violent crimes.
Notes: Often charged with battery.
Context: Violent crimes.
Attempted CrimeDelito en grado de tentativa
Definition: Act done with intent to commit a crime that falls short of completion.
Notes: Usually punished less severely than the completed offense.
Context: Inchoate offenses; charging decisions.
Notes: Usually punished less severely than the completed offense.
Context: Inchoate offenses; charging decisions.
Attorney of RecordAbogado que consta en actas
Definition: The lawyer who has formally appeared in court to represent a party and is listed in the court file.
Notes: Responsible for receiving all notices.
Context: Legal representation.
Notes: Responsible for receiving all notices.
Context: Legal representation.
B
BailFianza
Definition: Money or conditions set to ensure the defendant’s appearance in court.
Notes: Can be cash, bond, or release on recognizance.
Context: Pre-trial release; bail hearings.
Notes: Can be cash, bond, or release on recognizance.
Context: Pre-trial release; bail hearings.
Bail BondFianza mediante bono / Póliza de fianza
Definition: Financial guarantee posted by a bail bondsman on behalf of the defendant.
Notes: Defendant usually pays a non-refundable fee.
Context: Pre-trial release; bail system.
Notes: Defendant usually pays a non-refundable fee.
Context: Pre-trial release; bail system.
Bail RevocationRevocación de la fianza
Definition: Canceling bail due to violations such as failing to appear.
Notes: Defendant may be taken into custody immediately.
Context: Pre-trial sanctions.
Notes: Defendant may be taken into custody immediately.
Context: Pre-trial sanctions.
BailiffAlguacil
Definition: Court officer responsible for maintaining order and assisting the judge.
Notes: Announces judge’s entrance; safeguards courtroom.
Context: Courtroom personnel.
Notes: Announces judge’s entrance; safeguards courtroom.
Context: Courtroom personnel.
BallisticsBalística
Definition: The science of the motion of projectiles, used to analyze bullets and firearms.
Notes: Expert testimony often required.
Context: Forensic evidence; gun crimes.
Notes: Expert testimony often required.
Context: Forensic evidence; gun crimes.
BatteryLesiones
Definition: The unlawful and intentional physical touching or striking of another person.
Notes: Paired with “assault” but legally distinct.
Context: Violent crimes; domestic violence.
Notes: Paired with “assault” but legally distinct.
Context: Violent crimes; domestic violence.
Bench TrialJuicio ante el juez / Juicio sin jurado
Definition: A trial where the judge decides both the facts and the law.
Notes: Defendant must waive right to a jury.
Context: Trial procedure.
Notes: Defendant must waive right to a jury.
Context: Trial procedure.
Bench WarrantOrden judicial de arresto por incomparecencia
Definition: Arrest warrant issued by a judge when a defendant fails to appear.
Notes: Common in missed court dates.
Context: Court enforcement.
Notes: Common in missed court dates.
Context: Court enforcement.
Beyond a Reasonable DoubtMás allá de toda duda razonable
Definition: Highest standard of proof required to convict in criminal cases.
Notes: Protects against wrongful convictions.
Context: Burden of proof; jury instructions.
Notes: Protects against wrongful convictions.
Context: Burden of proof; jury instructions.
BookingRegistro / Fichaje policial
Definition: Administrative process after arrest (fingerprinting, photographing).
Notes: Occurs at police station.
Context: Arrest procedures.
Notes: Occurs at police station.
Context: Arrest procedures.
BriefEscrito legal / Alegato escrito
Definition: Written legal document presenting arguments and authorities.
Notes: Submitted before hearings or appeals.
Context: Appellate procedure; motions.
Notes: Submitted before hearings or appeals.
Context: Appellate procedure; motions.
Burden of ProofCarga de la prueba
Definition: The obligation to prove the allegations presented in a legal action.
Notes: In criminal cases, this rests on the prosecution.
Context: Trial procedure.
Notes: In criminal cases, this rests on the prosecution.
Context: Trial procedure.
BurglaryRobo con allanamiento / Robo con fractura
Definition: Unlawfully entry with intent to commit a crime inside.
Notes: Does not require actual theft.
Context: Property crimes.
Notes: Does not require actual theft.
Context: Property crimes.
C
CalendarCalendario judicial / Lista de casos
Definition: The schedule of cases set for hearing or trial.
Notes: Also called a docket.
Context: Court administration.
Notes: Also called a docket.
Context: Court administration.
Capital OffenseDelito capital
Definition: A crime punishable by death.
Notes: Rare; enhanced procedural protections.
Context: murder cases; federal crimes.
Notes: Rare; enhanced procedural protections.
Context: murder cases; federal crimes.
Case LawJurisprudencia
Definition: Law established by the outcome of former cases.
Notes: Used as precedent.
Context: Legal research.
Notes: Used as precedent.
Context: Legal research.
Cause of ActionCausa de acción / Fundamento de la demanda
Definition: A set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue.
Notes: Essential for civil complaints.
Context: Civil procedure.
Notes: Essential for civil complaints.
Context: Civil procedure.
Cease and Desist OrderOrden de cese y desista
Definition: An order requiring a person to stop a particular activity.
Notes: Issued by court or agency.
Context: Regulatory law; harassment.
Notes: Issued by court or agency.
Context: Regulatory law; harassment.
Chain of CustodyCadena de custodia
Definition: Documentation showing who collected and transferred evidence.
Notes: Breaks invalidate evidence.
Context: Evidence law; forensic handling.
Notes: Breaks invalidate evidence.
Context: Evidence law; forensic handling.
Challenge for CauseRecusación con causa
Definition: Request to dismiss a prospective juror due to bias.
Notes: Unlimited number allowed if cause proven.
Context: Jury selection (Voir Dire).
Notes: Unlimited number allowed if cause proven.
Context: Jury selection (Voir Dire).
Change of VenueCambio de jurisdicción
Definition: Moving a trial to a different geographic location.
Notes: Often requested due to high publicity.
Context: Pre-trial motions.
Notes: Often requested due to high publicity.
Context: Pre-trial motions.
Charge (Criminal)Cargo penal
Definition: Formal accusation alleging a person committed a crime.
Notes: misdemeanors or felonies.
Context: Charging process.
Notes: misdemeanors or felonies.
Context: Charging process.
Charge to the JuryInstrucciones al jurado
Definition: Judge's instructions regarding the law applied to the facts.
Notes: Given before deliberation.
Context: Trial procedure.
Notes: Given before deliberation.
Context: Trial procedure.
Circumstantial EvidencePrueba circunstancial
Definition: Evidence suggesting a conclusion indirectly.
Notes: Can be as powerful as direct evidence.
Context: Trials; evidentiary arguments.
Notes: Can be as powerful as direct evidence.
Context: Trials; evidentiary arguments.
CitationCitación / Multa
Definition: Notice to appear in court, often for minor offenses.
Notes: references traffic violations or legal authority.
Context: Traffic court; research.
Notes: references traffic violations or legal authority.
Context: Traffic court; research.
Civil RightsDerechos civiles
Definition: Rights ensuring equal treatment under the Constitution.
Notes: Violation leads to federal lawsuits.
Context: Constitutional law.
Notes: Violation leads to federal lawsuits.
Context: Constitutional law.
ClemencyClemencia
Definition: Mercy granted by Governor or President.
Notes: includes pardons and commutations.
Context: Post-conviction relief.
Notes: includes pardons and commutations.
Context: Post-conviction relief.
Clerk of CourtSecretario del tribunal
Definition: Officer maintaining records and administering oaths.
Notes: Key administrative role.
Context: Court administration.
Notes: Key administrative role.
Context: Court administration.
Closing ArgumentAlegato final / Argumento de cierre
Definition: Final statement summarizing evidence to the jury.
Notes: Last chance to persuade.
Context: Trial procedure.
Notes: Last chance to persuade.
Context: Trial procedure.
CodeCódigo
Definition: A systematic collection of laws or regulations.
Notes: Penal Code, Civil Code.
Context: Statutory law.
Notes: Penal Code, Civil Code.
Context: Statutory law.
CoercionCoacción
Definition: Use of force or threats to compel action against will.
Notes: defense against charges.
Context: confessions; defenses.
Notes: defense against charges.
Context: confessions; defenses.
CompetencyCompetencia mental
Definition: capacity to understand proceedings and assist in defense.
Notes: If incompetent, proceedings are paused.
Context: mental health evaluations.
Notes: If incompetent, proceedings are paused.
Context: mental health evaluations.
ComplainantDenunciante / Querellante
Definition: The person who initiates legal proceedings.
Notes: Often the victim.
Context: Charging process.
Notes: Often the victim.
Context: Charging process.
Complaint (Criminal)Querella penal / Denuncia penal
Definition: Statement filed to start criminal prosecution.
Notes: Used before indictment.
Context: early procedure.
Notes: Used before indictment.
Context: early procedure.
Concurrent SentencesPenas concurrentes
Definition: Sentences for multiple crimes served at the same time.
Context: Sentencing.
Context: Sentencing.
ConfessionConfesión
Definition: Voluntary admission of criminal responsibility.
Notes: Must be free from coercion.
Context: interrogation; evidence.
Notes: Must be free from coercion.
Context: interrogation; evidence.
Consecutive SentencesPenas consecutivas
Definition: Sentences served one after another.
Notes: Result in longer total time.
Context: Sentencing.
Notes: Result in longer total time.
Context: Sentencing.
ConspiracyConspiración
Definition: Agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime.
Notes: Does not always require completion of crime.
Context: Organized crime.
Notes: Does not always require completion of crime.
Context: Organized crime.
Contempt of CourtDesacato al tribunal
Definition: Disrespect towards the court or its orders.
Notes: civil (coercive) or criminal (punitive).
Context: Judicial authority.
Notes: civil (coercive) or criminal (punitive).
Context: Judicial authority.
ContinuanceAplazamiento / Continuación
Definition: Postponement of a scheduled court proceeding.
Notes: Granted for good cause.
Context: Scheduling.
Notes: Granted for good cause.
Context: Scheduling.
ContrabandContrabando / Artículos prohibidos
Definition: Goods illegal to possess (drugs, weapons).
Context: searches; prisons.
Context: searches; prisons.
Controlled SubstanceSustancia controlada
Definition: Drug regulated by government.
Notes: Classified into "Schedules".
Context: Drug crimes.
Notes: Classified into "Schedules".
Context: Drug crimes.
ConvictionCondena
Definition: Formal declaration that someone is guilty of an offense.
Notes: Result of verdict or plea.
Context: Criminal record.
Notes: Result of verdict or plea.
Context: Criminal record.
CoronerMédico forense / Coronel
Definition: Official who investigates suspicious deaths.
Notes: Determines cause of death.
Context: homicide investigations.
Notes: Determines cause of death.
Context: homicide investigations.
Corpus DelictiCuerpo del delito
Definition: Concrete evidence that a crime has actually been committed.
Notes: "Body of the crime."
Context: Evidence law.
Notes: "Body of the crime."
Context: Evidence law.
CorroborationCorroboración
Definition: Evidence that supports a statement or theory.
Notes: Required for accomplice testimony.
Context: Evidence law.
Notes: Required for accomplice testimony.
Context: Evidence law.
CounselAbogado / Consejero legal
Definition: A lawyer or attorney.
Notes: constitutional guarantee.
Context: Legal representation.
Notes: constitutional guarantee.
Context: Legal representation.
CountCargo / Cuenta
Definition: Separate offense charged in an indictment.
Notes: defendant can be convicted on some and acquitted on others.
Context: Indictments.
Notes: defendant can be convicted on some and acquitted on others.
Context: Indictments.
Court ReporterTaquígrafo judicial / Cronista de la corte
Definition: Person who records exactly what is said.
Notes: Creates official transcript.
Context: Personnel.
Notes: Creates official transcript.
Context: Personnel.
Crime SceneEscena del crimen
Definition: Location where a crime took place.
Notes: Secured to preserve evidence.
Context: investigation.
Notes: Secured to preserve evidence.
Context: investigation.
Criminal RecordAntecedentes penales
Definition: History of contacts with law enforcement.
Notes: Used in background checks.
Context: sentencing; employment.
Notes: Used in background checks.
Context: sentencing; employment.
Cross-ComplaintContrademanda
Definition: claim brought by defendant against a plaintiff.
Context: Civil procedure.
Context: Civil procedure.
Cross-ExaminationContrainterrogatorio
Definition: Questioning of a witness by the opposing side.
Notes: Critical part of adversarial system.
Context: Trials.
Notes: Critical part of adversarial system.
Context: Trials.
CulpabilityCulpabilidad
Definition: Responsibility for a fault or wrong.
Notes: Determines degree of punishment.
Context: liability.
Notes: Determines degree of punishment.
Context: liability.
Custodial InterrogationInterrogatorio en situación de custodia
Definition: Questioning while suspect is not free to leave.
Notes: Requires Miranda warnings.
Context: suppression motions.
Notes: Requires Miranda warnings.
Context: suppression motions.
D
D.A. (District Attorney)Fiscal del distrito
Definition: Elected prosecutor for a county.
Notes: Supervises assistant DAs.
Context: Prosecution.
Notes: Supervises assistant DAs.
Context: Prosecution.
DamagesDaños y perjuicios / Indemnización
Definition: Money paid to a person as compensation for loss.
Notes: Compensatory or punitive.
Context: Civil litigation.
Notes: Compensatory or punitive.
Context: Civil litigation.
DeadlockEstancamiento
Definition: situation where a jury cannot reach a verdict.
Notes: hung jury/mistrial.
Context: deliberations.
Notes: hung jury/mistrial.
Context: deliberations.
Deadly WeaponArma mortal / Arma letal
Definition: Object capable of causing death or serious injury.
Context: Assault; enhancements.
Context: Assault; enhancements.
Death PenaltyPena de muerte
Definition: Legal execution as punishment for certain crimes.
Context: Capital cases.
Context: Capital cases.
DecriminalizationDespenalización
Definition: Removal of criminal penalties for certain actions.
Context: drug possession policy.
Context: drug possession policy.
Default JudgmentFallo por falta de comparecencia / Rebeldía
Definition: Judgment against party who fails to appear or respond.
Context: Civil procedure.
Context: Civil procedure.
DefendantAcusado / Imputado
Definition: Person charged with a crime.
Notes: has constitutional rights.
Context: all cases.
Notes: has constitutional rights.
Context: all cases.
DefenseDefensa
Definition: The case presented by or on behalf of the accused.
Context: Trial strategy.
Context: Trial strategy.
Deferred ProsecutionProcesamiento diferido
Definition: Delaying prosecution while defendant fulfills conditions.
Notes: Charges dismissed upon completion.
Context: diversion programs.
Notes: Charges dismissed upon completion.
Context: diversion programs.
Deferred SentenceSentencia diferida
Definition: Sentence postponed pending compliance.
Context: Probation.
Context: Probation.
Deliberate IndifferenceIndiferencia deliberada
Definition: Conscious disregard of a known risk to health or safety.
Context: Jail/prison litigation.
Context: Jail/prison litigation.
DeliberationDeliberación
Definition: process where jury discusses evidence.
Context: Jury trials.
Context: Jury trials.
Delinquent Act (Juvenile)Acto delincuente
Definition: Offense committed by minor that would be adult crime.
Context: juvenile court.
Context: juvenile court.
DepositionDeclaración jurada fuera del tribunal / Deposición
Definition: Out-of-court testimony reduced to writing.
Context: Discovery.
Context: Discovery.
Diminished CapacityCapacidad disminuida
Definition: Mental condition reducing ability to form intent.
Context: Intent crimes.
Context: Intent crimes.
Direct EvidencePrueba directa
Definition: Evidence that directly proves a fact (eyewitness).
Context: Evidence law.
Context: Evidence law.
Direct ExaminationInterrogatorio directo
Definition: Initial questioning of a witness by the party that called them.
Context: Trial procedure.
Context: Trial procedure.
Directed VerdictVeredicto dirigido
Definition: Ruling by judge that evidentiary basis is insufficient for jury.
Context: Trial motions.
Context: Trial motions.
Discovery (Criminal)Intercambio de pruebas / Descubrimiento de pruebas
Definition: Process by which prosecution and defense exchange evidence.
Context: Pre-trial.
Context: Pre-trial.
Dismissal With PrejudiceDesestimación con perjuicio
Definition: Case permanently closed and cannot be refiled.
Context: criminal procedure.
Context: criminal procedure.
Dismissal Without PrejudiceDesestimación sin perjuicio
Definition: Case may be refiled later.
Context: prosecutorial discretion.
Context: prosecutorial discretion.
Disorderly ConductConducta desordenada
Definition: Broad offense involving disruptive public behavior.
Context: public-safety offenses.
Context: public-safety offenses.
DispositionDisposición / Resolución final
Definition: Final settlement or outcome of a case.
Context: case management.
Context: case management.
Dissenting OpinionOpinión disidente
Definition: opinion by judge disagreeing with majority.
Context: Appellate.
Context: Appellate.
Diversion ProgramPrograma de desvío
Definition: Program allowing eligible defendants to avoid conviction via treatment.
Context: first-time offenders.
Context: first-time offenders.
DNA EvidenceEvidencia de ADN
Definition: Biological evidence linking suspect to crime scene.
Context: forensics.
Context: forensics.
DocketExpediente / Lista de causas
Definition: formal record of proceedings or list of cases.
Context: administration.
Context: administration.
Domestic BatteryLesiones domésticas
Definition: Physical violence against a household member.
Context: domestic violence.
Context: domestic violence.
Double JeopardyDoble enjuiciamiento / Doble exposición penal
Definition: constitutional protection against being tried twice for same offense.
Context: constitutional law.
Context: constitutional law.
Due DiligenceDebida diligencia
Definition: Reasonable steps taken to satisfy legal requirement.
Context: Contract law; procedure.
Context: Contract law; procedure.
Due ProcessDebido proceso
Definition: Constitutional guarantee of fair treatment in proceedings.
Context: justice system.
Context: justice system.
DUI (Driving Under the Influence)Conducir bajo la influencia
Definition: Operating vehicle while impaired by alcohol/drugs.
Context: traffic crimes.
Context: traffic crimes.
DuressCoacción / Duress
Definition: Defense claiming acting under threat of serious harm.
Context: defenses.
Context: defenses.
E
EmbezzlementMalversación
Definition: Theft of property entrusted to one’s care.
Context: White-collar crime.
Context: White-collar crime.
EnhancementAgravante / Aumento de pena
Definition: A fact that increases the penalty for a crime.
Context: Sentencing.
Context: Sentencing.
EntrapmentInducción indebida / Entrampamiento policial
Definition: defense alleging law enforcement induced the crime.
Context: drug stings.
Context: drug stings.
EvidencePrueba / Evidencia
Definition: Information presented to prove/disprove facts.
Context: Trial procedure.
Context: Trial procedure.
ExaminationInterrogatorio
Definition: questioning of witness in court.
Context: Trial procedure.
Context: Trial procedure.
Excessive ForceFuerza excesiva
Definition: force beyond what is reasonable.
Context: civil rights lawsuits.
Context: civil rights lawsuits.
Exculpatory EvidenceEvidencia exculpatoria
Definition: Evidence tending to clear defendant of guilt.
Notes: must be disclosed under Brady.
Context: trials; discovery.
Notes: must be disclosed under Brady.
Context: trials; discovery.
Execution of SentenceEjecución de la sentencia
Definition: Carrying out penalty imposed by court.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
ExhibitPrueba material / Anexo
Definition: Document or object entered as evidence.
Context: Trial procedure.
Context: Trial procedure.
ExonerateExonerar
Definition: To clear from a charge or accusation.
Context: post-conviction relief.
Context: post-conviction relief.
Expert WitnessTestigo perito / Experto
Definition: specialist providing opinion based on technical expertise.
Context: specialized testimony.
Context: specialized testimony.
ExpungeBorrar / Expurgar
Definition: to destroy or strike out records.
Context: Criminal records.
Context: Criminal records.
ExpungementExpurgación / Eliminación de antecedentes
Definition: Legal process of sealing or erasing criminal records.
Context: rehabilitation.
Context: rehabilitation.
ExtortionExtorsión
Definition: Obtaining value through force or threats.
Context: financial crimes.
Context: financial crimes.
ExtraditionExtradición
Definition: Transfer of suspect from one jurisdiction to another.
Context: criminal procedure.
Context: criminal procedure.
EyewitnessTestigo ocular
Definition: person who has seen someone or something and can bear witness.
Context: Trial.
Context: Trial.
F
Failure to Appear (FTA)Falta de comparecencia / Incomparecencia
Definition: not showing up to court on scheduled date.
Notes: results in bench warrant.
Context: bail violations.
Notes: results in bench warrant.
Context: bail violations.
False ImprisonmentEncarcelamiento falso / Privación ilegítima de la libertad
Definition: Restraining a person without justification.
Context: violent crimes; liability.
Context: violent crimes; liability.
FelonyDelito grave / Delito mayor
Definition: Serious crime punishable by > 1 year in prison.
Context: Major offenses.
Context: Major offenses.
Felony Murder RuleRegla de homicidio durante la comisión de delito grave
Definition: Liability for murder if death occurs during certain felonies.
Context: robbery; arson.
Context: robbery; arson.
FindingDeterminación / Conclusión judicial
Definition: Decision regarding a question of fact or law.
Context: Trial outcome.
Context: Trial outcome.
FineMulta
Definition: Money exacted as penalty.
Context: Sentencing.
Context: Sentencing.
FingerprintHuella dactilar
Definition: impression of ridges on fingertip for ID.
Context: Forensic evidence.
Context: Forensic evidence.
ForemanPresidente del jurado
Definition: Juror chosen to lead deliberations and announce verdict.
Context: Jury trials.
Context: Jury trials.
Forensic EvidenceEvidencia forense
Definition: Scientific evidence analyzed by experts.
Context: Criminal trials.
Context: Criminal trials.
Forfeiture (Criminal)Decomiso penal / Decomiso de bienes
Definition: loss of property connected to criminal activity.
Context: asset seizure.
Context: asset seizure.
ForgeryFalsificación
Definition: Making or altering document with intent to defraud.
Context: white-collar crime.
Context: white-collar crime.
FraudFraude
Definition: Intentional deception for gain.
Context: financial crimes.
Context: financial crimes.
Fugitive WarrantOrden de arresto contra fugitivo
Definition: Warrant for person who fled the jurisdiction.
Context: interstate arrests.
Context: interstate arrests.
G
Gang EnhancementAgravante por pandillerismo
Definition: Penalty for crime committed for gang benefit.
Context: violent crimes.
Context: violent crimes.
GarnishEmbargar (salario)
Definition: to take part of wages to pay debt.
Context: restitution.
Context: restitution.
Good FaithBuena fe
Definition: Honest intent to act without taking unfair advantage.
Context: police conduct.
Context: police conduct.
Good Time CreditCrédito por buena conducta
Definition: reduction in sentence based on behavior.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
Grand JuryGran jurado
Definition: citizens who decide whether probable cause exists for indictment.
Context: charging process.
Context: charging process.
Grand LarcenyHurto mayor
Definition: Theft of property above value threshold.
Context: property crimes.
Context: property crimes.
Grievous Bodily HarmDaño corporal grave
Definition: Serious injury involving risk of death or disfigurement.
Context: violent offenses.
Context: violent offenses.
GuardianTutor / Guardián
Definition: appointed to care for person or property of minor/ward.
Context: family law.
Context: family law.
Guilty PleaDeclaración de culpabilidad
Definition: Formal admission of committed crime.
Context: plea hearings.
Context: plea hearings.
Gun EnhancementAumento de pena por uso de arma de fuego
Definition: prison time applied for firearm possession during crime.
Context: robbery; drugs.
Context: robbery; drugs.
H
Habeas CorpusHabeas corpus
Definition: Legal petition challenging detention.
Context: post-conviction relief.
Context: post-conviction relief.
Harassment (Criminal)Acoso penal
Definition: Conduct intended to annoy or alarm another.
Context: domestic violence.
Context: domestic violence.
Hate CrimeDelito motivado por odio / Crimen de odio
Definition: criminal act motivated by bias against protected traits.
Context: violent crimes.
Context: violent crimes.
HearingAudiencia / Vista
Definition: proceeding before a court.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
HearsayTestimonio de oídas
Definition: Secondhand statement offered for truth of matter.
Context: evidence rules.
Context: evidence rules.
Holding CellCelda de detención / Celda de retención
Definition: Short-term detention area inside Courthouse/Station.
Context: custody.
Context: custody.
HomicideHomicidio
Definition: Killing of one person by another.
Context: violent crimes.
Context: violent crimes.
Hostile WitnessTestigo hostil / Testigo adverso
Definition: uncooperative witness.
Notes: allows leading questions.
Context: trial procedure.
Notes: allows leading questions.
Context: trial procedure.
House ArrestArresto domiciliario
Definition: sentence requiring remaining at home.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
Hung JuryJurado sin veredicto / Jurado estancado
Definition: Jury unable to reach required majority verdict.
Context: Jury trials.
Context: Jury trials.
I
Immunity (Transactional / Use)Inmunidad (total / de uso)
Definition: legal protection preventing prosecution or use of statements.
Context: prosecution strategy.
Context: prosecution strategy.
ImpartialImparcial
Definition: Unbiased; treating all rivals equally.
Context: jury selection.
Context: jury selection.
Impeachment of a WitnessImpugnación de un testigo
Definition: Challenging credibility through inconsistencies.
Context: Trials.
Context: Trials.
ImprisonmentEncarcelamiento / Prisión
Definition: state of being confined; captivity.
Context: Sentencing.
Context: Sentencing.
In Camera HearingAudiencia a puerta cerrada / Audiencia in camera
Definition: private proceeding outside presence of jury.
Context: criminal procedure.
Context: criminal procedure.
In CustodyBajo custodia
Definition: deprived of freedom associated with arrest.
Context: arrests; interrogation.
Context: arrests; interrogation.
InadmissibleInadmisible
Definition: Not accepted as valid evidence.
Context: evidence rules.
Context: evidence rules.
IncarcerationEncarcelación
Definition: confinement in jail or prison.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
IncriminateIncriminar
Definition: to make someone appear guilty.
Context: testimony.
Context: testimony.
Indeterminate SentenceSentencia indeterminada
Definition: sentence expressed as range (e.g. 5-15 years).
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
IndictmentAcusación formal / Acusación del gran jurado
Definition: formal charge issued by grand jury.
Context: charging process.
Context: charging process.
IndigentIndigente / De escasos recursos
Definition: lacking funds for attorney.
Context: right to counsel.
Context: right to counsel.
Informant (CI)Informante confidencial
Definition: person providing crime info to police.
Context: drug cases.
Context: drug cases.
InfractionInfracción
Definition: minor violation of law; fine only.
Context: traffic law.
Context: traffic law.
InjunctionInterdicto / Orden judicial
Definition: court order prohibiting behavior.
Context: harassment.
Context: harassment.
InmateRecluso / Interno
Definition: person incarcerated.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
IntakeAdmisión / Ingreso
Definition: process of receiving offender into facility.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
Intent (Mens Rea)Intención / Mens rea
Definition: mental state required for responsibility.
Context: all cases.
Context: all cases.
InterrogationInterrogatorio
Definition: formal questioning by law enforcement.
Context: investigation.
Context: investigation.
IntoxicationIntoxicación (voluntaria / involuntaria)
Definition: altered mental state due to drugs/alcohol.
Context: DUI.
Context: DUI.
InvestigationInvestigación
Definition: action of formal inquiry.
Context: Pre-trial.
Context: Pre-trial.
J
JailCárcel
Definition: Local facility for short-term incarceration.
Context: pre-trial detention.
Context: pre-trial detention.
Judge’s BenchEstrado del juez
Definition: Platform where judge sits.
Context: layout.
Context: layout.
JudgmentFallo / Sentencia
Definition: court decision regarding rights.
Context: outcome.
Context: outcome.
Judgment of AcquittalFallo de absolución
Definition: ruling that evidence is insufficient to sustain conviction.
Context: Trial motions.
Context: Trial motions.
Judicial NoticeNotificación judicial / Toma de conocimiento judicial
Definition: Acceptance of fact as true without requiring proof.
Context: evidence law.
Context: evidence law.
Jurisdiction (Criminal)Jurisdicción penal
Definition: Court's legal authority to hear a case.
Context: motions to dismiss.
Context: motions to dismiss.
JurisprudenceJurisprudencia / Ciencia del derecho
Definition: Theory or philosophy of law.
Context: Legal theory.
Context: Legal theory.
JurorMiembro del jurado
Definition: member of a jury.
Context: participation.
Context: participation.
JuryJurado
Definition: body of people sworn to give verdict.
Context: trial procedure.
Context: trial procedure.
Jury InstructionsInstrucciones al jurado
Definition: Directions from judge explaining the law.
Context: Jury trials.
Context: Jury trials.
Jury Panel (Venire)Panel del jurado / Venire
Definition: prospective jurors summoned.
Context: voir dire.
Context: voir dire.
Justifiable HomicideHomicidio justificado
Definition: Killing deemed lawful (self-defense).
Context: use of force.
Context: use of force.
JuvenileMenor de edad / Juvenil
Definition: person below age of ordinary prosecution (usually 18).
Context: juvenile court.
Context: juvenile court.
Juvenile DelinquentMenor delincuente
Definition: minor found responsible for acts that would be crimes.
Context: justice.
Context: justice.
K
K-9 UnitUnidad canina
Definition: law enforcement using trained dogs.
Context: drug searches.
Context: drug searches.
KidnappingSecuestro / Rapto
Definition: Unlawful confinement or abduction against will.
Context: violent felonies.
Context: violent felonies.
Kiting (Check Fraud)Fraude de cheques / Kiting bancario
Definition: inflating balances to obtain funds.
Context: white-collar crime.
Context: white-collar crime.
Knock and Announce RuleRegla de tocar y anunciar
Definition: requirement to identify before entry.
Context: search warrants.
Context: search warrants.
KnowinglyA sabiendas / Con conocimiento
Definition: awareness of nature of conduct.
Context: mens rea.
Context: mens rea.
L
LarcenyHurto
Definition: Unlawful taking with intent to permanently deprive.
Context: property crimes.
Context: property crimes.
Law Enforcement OfficerAgente del orden público / Agente de la ley
Definition: empowered to enforce criminal laws.
Context: arrests.
Context: arrests.
Leading QuestionPregunta sugestiva / Pregunta capciosa
Definition: Question that suggests its own answer.
Context: trial procedure.
Context: trial procedure.
Legal AidAsistencia legal / Defensa pública
Definition: Free legal services for indigent defendants.
Context: criminal defense.
Context: criminal defense.
LeniencyIndulgencia / Clemencia
Definition: being more merciful than expected.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
Lesser-Included OffenseDelito menor incluido
Definition: offense whose elements are within a more serious crime.
Context: homocide; assault.
Context: homocide; assault.
Liability (Criminal)Responsabilidad penal
Definition: obligation arising from criminal act.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
Lineup (Police Lineup)Rueda de reconocimiento
Definition: ID procedure where witness selects suspect.
Context: investigations.
Context: investigations.
LitigationLitigio
Definition: process of taking legal action.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
M
MagistrateMagistrado / Juez de instrucción
Definition: civil officer administering the law.
Context: personnel.
Context: personnel.
MalfeasanceConducta ilícita / Prevaricación
Definition: Wrongdoing by a public official.
Context: misconduct.
Context: misconduct.
Malice AforethoughtAlevosía / Malicia premeditada
Definition: mental state required for murder.
Context: homocide law.
Context: homocide law.
MalpracticeNegligencia profesional / Mala praxis
Definition: Negligent professional activity.
Context: Tort law.
Context: Tort law.
MandateMandato
Definition: official order or commission.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
ManslaughterHomicidio culposo / Homicidio voluntario
Definition: Unlawful killing without malice.
Context: violent crimes.
Context: violent crimes.
MasterMaestro especial / Árbitro judicial
Definition: person appointed to hear evidence.
Context: personnel.
Context: personnel.
MaterialMaterial / Relevante
Definition: significant; relevant to matter.
Context: evidence law.
Context: evidence law.
Material WitnessTestigo esencial / Testigo material
Definition: person whose testimony is crucial.
Context: trial preparation.
Context: trial preparation.
MediationMediación
Definition: dispute resolution; arbitration.
Context: dispute resolution.
Context: dispute resolution.
MinorMenor
Definition: person under full legal responsibility (usually 18).
Context: family law.
Context: family law.
MinutesActas
Definition: written record of proceedings.
Context: court records.
Context: court records.
Miranda RightsDerechos Miranda
Definition: rights read to suspects in custody.
Context: interrogation.
Context: interrogation.
MisdemeanorDelito menor / Falta penal
Definition: offense punishable by up to 1 year jail.
Context: low-level crimes.
Context: low-level crimes.
MistrialJuicio nulo
Definition: termination of trial due to error or hung jury.
Context: trial procedure.
Context: trial procedure.
Mitigating CircumstancesCircunstancias atenuantes
Definition: factors reducing seriousness of crime.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
MitigationMitigación
Definition: reducing severity of something.
Context: sentencing phase.
Context: sentencing phase.
MootAcadémico / Irrelevante por el paso del tiempo
Definition: subject to dispute without final decision.
Context: appellate procedure.
Context: appellate procedure.
MotionMoción / Petición
Definition: formal request to judge.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
Motion in LimineMoción in limine
Definition: pre-trial request to exclude evidence.
Context: trial preparation.
Context: trial preparation.
MugshotFoto policial / Ficha fotográfica
Definition: face photo taken after arrest.
Context: booking.
Context: booking.
N
NegligenceNegligencia
Definition: Failure to take proper care.
Context: tort law.
Context: tort law.
Negligence (Criminal)Negligencia penal
Definition: Failure to perceive substantial risk.
Context: involuntary homocide.
Context: involuntary homocide.
No BillNo ha lugar / Rechazo de acusación
Definition: Grand jury decision not to indict.
Context: grand jury.
Context: grand jury.
No Contest Plea (Nolo Contendere)Declaración de no me opongo / Nolo contendere
Definition: Accepts conviction without admitting guilt.
Context: plea negotiations.
Context: plea negotiations.
No-Contact OrderOrden de no contacto
Definition: order prohibiting communication.
Context: domestic violence.
Context: domestic violence.
No-Knock WarrantOrden de allanamiento sin aviso
Definition: warrant allowing entry without knocking.
Context: drug raids.
Context: drug raids.
Notary PublicNotario público
Definition: person authorized for legal formalities.
Context: legal docs.
Context: legal docs.
NoticeNotificación / Aviso
Definition: Warning of future event/obligation.
Context: due process.
Context: due process.
Notice of AppealAviso de apelación
Definition: formal statement of intent to challenge conviction.
Context: appellate procedure.
Context: appellate procedure.
Nunc Pro TuncRetroactivo / Con efecto retroactivo
Definition: allowing court order to take effect on earlier date.
Context: administration.
Context: administration.
O
OathJuramento
Definition: solemn promise regarding behavior.
Context: court procedure.
Context: court procedure.
ObjectionObjeción / Protesta
Definition: opposing admission of evidence.
Context: trial procedure.
Context: trial procedure.
Obstruction of JusticeObstrucción de la justicia
Definition: interfering with administration of law.
Context: white-collar; violent crime.
Context: white-collar; violent crime.
OffenderDelincuente / Infractor (primerizo / reincidente)
Definition: person convicted of criminal offense.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
OffenseDelito / Infracción
Definition: breach of law; illegal act.
Context: criminal law.
Context: criminal law.
Official MisconductMala conducta oficial
Definition: abuse of authority by public official.
Context: public integrity.
Context: public integrity.
OmissionOmisión penal
Definition: failure to act when legally required.
Context: homicide; negligence.
Context: homicide; negligence.
On-the-RecordEn actas / En el registro judicial
Definition: proceeding officially recorded by reporter.
Context: hearings.
Context: hearings.
Opening StatementDeclaración de apertura / Alegato inicial
Definition: introductory remarks on intended proof.
Context: trials.
Context: trials.
OpinionOpinión / Dictamen
Definition: explanation of judge's formed view.
Context: appellate courts.
Context: appellate courts.
OrderOrden
Definition: authoritative judge's command.
Context: court rulings.
Context: court rulings.
Order of ProtectionOrden de protección
Definition: directive restricting actions to protect victim.
Context: stalking; DV.
Context: stalking; DV.
OrdinanceOrdenanza
Definition: legislation by municipal authority.
Context: local government.
Context: local government.
OverruleObjeción denegada
Definition: judge allowing question despite objection.
Context: trial procedure.
Context: trial procedure.
P
PardonIndulto / Perdón
Definition: forgiving an offense by Governor/President.
Context: clemency.
Context: clemency.
ParoleLibertad condicional / Libertad vigilada
Definition: early supervised release.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
Parole BoardJunta de libertad condicional
Definition: panel deciding offender release.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
PartyParte
Definition: person taking part in legal proceeding.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
Penal CodeCódigo penal
Definition: set of laws relating to crimes.
Context: criminal law.
Context: criminal law.
PenaltyPena / Sanción
Definition: punishment for breaking law.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
PerjuryPerjurio
Definition: false statement under oath.
Context: trials; depositions.
Context: trials; depositions.
PerpetratorPerpetrador / Autor
Definition: person carrying out harmful act.
Context: investigation.
Context: investigation.
PetitionPetición / Solicitud
Definition: formal written request appealing to authority.
Context: family law; procedure.
Context: family law; procedure.
PlaintiffDemandante
Definition: person bringing case against another.
Context: civil litigation.
Context: civil litigation.
PleaDeclaración / Súplica
Definition: formal statement in response to charge.
Context: arraignment.
Context: arraignment.
Plea BargainAcuerdo de culpabilidad / Negociación de cargos
Definition: agreement where defendant pleads guilty to reduced charge.
Context: negotiations.
Context: negotiations.
Polling the JuryEncuesta del jurado
Definition: individual questioning of jurors about verdict.
Context: trial procedure.
Context: trial procedure.
PossessionPosesión (real / constructiva)
Definition: actual physical control vs control via access.
Context: drugs; weapons.
Context: drugs; weapons.
PSI ReportInforme de investigación previo a la sentencia
Definition: detailed report for determining sentence.
Context: sentencing hearings.
Context: sentencing hearings.
PrecedentPrecedente
Definition: pattern/rule from future similar cases.
Context: case law.
Context: case law.
PrejudicePerjuicio / Prejuicio
Definition: preconceived opinion or harm to rights.
Context: judicial rulings.
Context: judicial rulings.
Preliminary HearingAudiencia preliminar
Definition: hearing deciding if probable cause exists.
Context: early procedure.
Context: early procedure.
Pretrial DetentionDetención preventiva
Definition: holding defendant in jail before trial.
Context: bail hearings.
Context: bail hearings.
Probable CauseCausa probable / Motivo fundado
Definition: reasonable grounds for arrest/warrant.
Context: 4th Amendment.
Context: 4th Amendment.
ProbationLibertad a prueba / Libertad supervisada
Definition: court-ordered supervision instead of jail.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
ProceedingsProcedimientos / Diligencias
Definition: Action taken to settle dispute.
Context: court administration.
Context: court administration.
Process ServerNotificador judicial
Definition: delivers legal documents.
Context: civil procedure.
Context: civil procedure.
ProfferPropuesta de cooperación / Acuerdo de oferta
Definition: providing info to prosecutors for consideration.
Context: federal cases.
Context: federal cases.
Prosecutorial DiscretionDiscreción fiscal
Definition: authority to decide charges/deals.
Context: justice policy.
Context: justice policy.
ProsecutorFiscal
Definition: official instituting legal proceedings.
Context: trials.
Context: trials.
Protective CustodyCustodia protectora
Definition: special confinement for safety.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
Public DefenderDefensor público
Definition: gov lawyer for indigent.
Context: right to counsel.
Context: right to counsel.
Public RecordRegistro público
Definition: non-confidential information.
Context: transparency.
Context: transparency.
Punitive DamagesDaños punitivos
Definition: damages intended to punish defendant.
Context: civil litigation.
Context: civil litigation.
Q
QuashAnular / Invalidar / Mocion para anular
Definition: Legal request to nullify warrant or subpoena.
Context: Pre-trial motions.
Context: Pre-trial motions.
QueueFila / Lista de espera (penal)
Definition: ordered waiting list of inmates.
Context: jail management.
Context: jail management.
Quid Pro QuoDar algo a cambio de algo
Definition: Exchange of something for something else (bribery).
Context: public corruption.
Context: public corruption.
QuorumQuórum
Definition: minimum members required for official action.
Context: jury administration.
Context: jury administration.
R
Racket (Racketeering)Extorsión organizada / Actividades de crimen organizado
Definition: Coordinated criminal enterprise activity.
Context: organized crime; RICO.
Context: organized crime; RICO.
Rap SheetHoja de antecedentes penales
Definition: list of criminal history.
Context: police records.
Context: police records.
Rape Shield LawLey de protección en casos de violación
Definition: restricts victim’s sexual history in trial.
Context: sexual assault.
Context: sexual assault.
Reasonable DoubtDuda razonable
Definition: level of certainty juror must have to convict.
Context: burden of proof.
Context: burden of proof.
Reasonable SuspicionSospecha razonable
Definition: facts justifying a police stop (Terry Stop).
Context: encounters.
Context: encounters.
RebuttalRefutación
Definition: evidence contradicting opposing proof.
Context: trial strategy.
Context: trial strategy.
RecessReceso
Definition: break in court proceedings.
Context: schedule.
Context: schedule.
RecidivismReincidencia
Definition: tendency of offender to reoffend.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
RecordRegistro judicial / Acta judicial
Definition: official record of proceedings.
Context: administration; appeals.
Context: administration; appeals.
RecusalRecusación / Inhibición
Definition: disqualification of judge/jury for bias.
Context: judicial ethics.
Context: judicial ethics.
RedactRedactar / Censurar
Definition: obscure text for security/privacy.
Context: doc prep.
Context: doc prep.
RegulationsReglamentos / Normativas
Definition: directives made by authority.
Context: administrative law.
Context: administrative law.
RehabilitationRehabilitación
Definition: restoring someone via training/therapy.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
ReleasePuesta en libertad / Exoneración
Definition: releasing from custody/liability.
Context: settlements.
Context: settlements.
RemandReingreso a custodia / Devolver a custodia
Definition: order returning defendant to jail.
Context: sentencing; appellate.
Context: sentencing; appellate.
RemorseRemordimiento / Arrepentimiento
Definition: deep regret for wrong.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
RepealDerogar / Revocar
Definition: revoking an act/law.
Context: statutory law.
Context: statutory law.
Resisting ArrestResistirse al arresto
Definition: opposing a lawful arrest.
Context: encounters.
Context: encounters.
RespondentDemandado / Recurrido
Definition: party against whom a petition is filed.
Context: appeals; family law.
Context: appeals; family law.
RestitutionRestitución
Definition: payment to compensate victim for loss.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
Restraining OrderOrden de restricción
Definition: limiting behavior to protect another.
Context: stalking; DV.
Context: stalking; DV.
RetainContratar (abogado) / Retener
Definition: to hire a lawyer.
Context: representation.
Context: representation.
Retaliation (Witness)Represalia contra testigo
Definition: harm directed at cooperating witnesses.
Context: witness protection.
Context: witness protection.
RevocationRevocación
Definition: cancellation of a decree/decision.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
RICOLey RICO / Asociación delictiva
Definition: law targeting organized enterprises.
Context: gangs; fraud.
Context: gangs; fraud.
RightsDerechos
Definition: principles of freedom or entitlement.
Context: constitutional law.
Context: constitutional law.
RobberyRobo con violencia / Atraco
Definition: taking property via force/threat.
Context: violent crimes.
Context: violent crimes.
RulingResolución / Fallo
Definition: judge's decision on motion.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
S
SanctionSanción
Definition: penalty for disobeying rule/law.
Context: court procedure.
Context: court procedure.
Search WarrantOrden de registro / Orden de allanamiento
Definition: authorization to search specific place.
Context: investigation.
Context: investigation.
Search and SeizureRegistro e incautación
Definition: procedure where authorities confiscate evidence.
Context: 4th Amendment.
Context: 4th Amendment.
Self-DefenseDefensa propia
Definition: justification for use of force for safety.
Context: homocide; assault.
Context: homocide; assault.
SentenceSentencia / Pena
Definition: punishment assigned by court.
Context: criminal procedure.
Context: criminal procedure.
Sentence EnhancementAumento de pena
Definition: additional penalty based on facts.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
Sentencing GuidelinesGuías de sentencia
Definition: structured ranges for punishment.
Context: federal/state courts.
Context: federal/state courts.
SequesterSecuestrar / Aislar
Definition: isolate jury from outside info.
Context: jury trials.
Context: jury trials.
SequestrationAislamiento de testigos / Aislamiento del jurado
Definition: orders preventing hearing outside info.
Context: trials.
Context: trials.
SettlementAcuerdo / Conciliación
Definition: agreement resolving a dispute.
Context: civil litigation.
Context: civil litigation.
Sex Offender RegistryRegistro de ofensores sexuales
Definition: database of sex crime convictions.
Context: post-sentencing.
Context: post-sentencing.
SheriffSheriff / Alguacil del condado
Definition: chief law enforcement of county.
Context: law enforcement.
Context: law enforcement.
ShopliftingRobo en tiendas
Definition: theft of retail merchandise.
Context: property crime.
Context: property crime.
SidebarConferencia privada / Consulta al estrado
Definition: private discussion with judge outside jury hearing.
Context: trials.
Context: trials.
Sovereign Citizen ClaimAlegato de ciudadano soberano
Definition: argument asserting exemption from laws.
Context: filings.
Context: filings.
Speedy Trial RightDerecho a un juicio rápido
Definition: right to resolve charges within reasonable time.
Context: constitutional law.
Context: constitutional law.
Standard of ProofEstándar de prueba
Definition: level of certainty to prove claim.
Context: trial procedure.
Context: trial procedure.
StandingLegitimación procesal
Definition: right to file lawsuit/petition.
Context: civil procedure.
Context: civil procedure.
StatementDeclaración
Definition: expression in speech/writing.
Context: investigation; trial.
Context: investigation; trial.
StatuteEstatuto / Ley
Definition: written law by legislative body.
Context: legislative law.
Context: legislative law.
Statute of LimitationsPlazo de prescripción penal
Definition: time period to file charges.
Context: charging.
Context: charging.
StaySuspensión
Definition: delay of proceedings or execution.
Context: appellate.
Context: appellate.
Stay of ExecutionSuspensión de la ejecución
Definition: order halting carrying out of judgment.
Context: appellate.
Context: appellate.
StipulationEstipulación / Acuerdo entre partes
Definition: agreement that certain facts are true.
Context: trial management.
Context: trial management.
StrangulationEstrangulación
Definition: compression of neck obstructing flow.
Context: violent crimes.
Context: violent crimes.
SubpoenaCitatorio judicial / Citación judicial
Definition: order to appear/testify.
Context: trials.
Context: trials.
SummonsEmplazamiento
Definition: order to appear before judge.
Context: civil procedure.
Context: civil procedure.
SuppressSuprimir / Excluir evidencia
Definition: request to exclude improper evidence.
Context: pre-trial motions.
Context: pre-trial motions.
SuspectSospechoso
Definition: person thought to be guilty.
Context: investigation.
Context: investigation.
Suspended SentenceSentencia suspendida
Definition: sentence deferred pending conditions.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
Sustained (Objection)Objeción sostenida / Objeción aceptada
Definition: judge agrees with objection; evidence disallowed.
Context: trial procedure.
Context: trial procedure.
SwearJurar
Definition: to take an oath.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
T
Tampering With EvidenceManipulación de evidencia
Definition: altering or concealing evidence.
Context: obstruction.
Context: obstruction.
Temporary Restraining Order (TRO)Orden de restricción temporal
Definition: emergency protection order.
Context: domestic violence.
Context: domestic violence.
Terroristic ThreatsAmenazas terroristas / Amenazas criminales serias
Definition: threat to commit violence to cause fear.
Context: violent offenses.
Context: violent offenses.
TestifyTestificar / Declarar
Definition: to give evidence as witness.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
TestimonyTestimonio / Declaración
Definition: evidence under oath.
Context: trials; hearings.
Context: trials; hearings.
Theft by DeceptionHurto por engaño
Definition: obtaining property via false statements.
Context: fraud.
Context: fraud.
Three-Strikes LawLey de tres strikes / Ley de reincidencia habitual
Definition: lengthy sentence for repeat offenders.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
Time ServedTiempo cumplido
Definition: credit for period in pre-sentence custody.
Context: sentencing.
Context: sentencing.
TortAgravio / Daño civil
Definition: wrongful act leading to civil liability.
Context: civil law.
Context: civil law.
Toxicology ReportInforme toxicológico
Definition: lab analysis of drugs/toxins.
Context: forensic evidence.
Context: forensic evidence.
TraffickingTráfico (de drogas / de personas / de armas)
Definition: illegal distribution or transport.
Context: organized crime.
Context: organized crime.
TranscriptTranscripción / Actas
Definition: word-for-word record of proceedings.
Context: reporting.
Context: reporting.
TrespassingAllanamiento / Entrada ilegal
Definition: entering property without permission.
Context: property offenses.
Context: property offenses.
TrialJuicio
Definition: formal examination of evidence.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
Trial de NovoJuicio de novo / Nuevo juicio
Definition: new trial as if prior never occurred.
Context: post-conviction.
Context: post-conviction.
True BillAcusación aprobada / "True Bill"
Definition: written decision of grand jury belief of crime.
Context: grand jury.
Context: grand jury.
U
Unanimous VerdictVeredicto unánime
Definition: requirement all jurors agree.
Context: jury trials.
Context: jury trials.
Undercover OperationOperación encubierta
Definition: covert investigation.
Context: narcotics.
Context: narcotics.
Unindicted Co-ConspiratorCoconspirador no acusado
Definition: participant in conspiracy not formally charged.
Context: federal prosecutions.
Context: federal prosecutions.
Unlawful RestraintRetención ilegal / Privación ilegal de libertad
Definition: restricting movement without justification.
Context: violent crimes.
Context: violent crimes.
Use of Force ContinuumEscala de uso de fuerza
Definition: model guiding law enforcement escalation.
Context: police conduct.
Context: police conduct.
Uttering (Forgery)Poner en circulación un documento falso
Definition: using forged document knowing it's false.
Context: financial crimes.
Context: financial crimes.
V
Vacate (Judgment)Anular / Dejar sin efecto
Definition: set aside previous judgment.
Context: post-conviction relief.
Context: post-conviction relief.
VandalismVandalismo / Daños a la propiedad
Definition: willful destruction of property.
Context: property offenses.
Context: property offenses.
VenireVenire / Grupo de jurados
Definition: panel from which jury is drawn.
Context: jury selection.
Context: jury selection.
VenueCompetencia territorial / Sede
Definition: proper location for trial.
Context: procedure.
Context: procedure.
VerdictVeredicto
Definition: decision on guilt or innocence.
Context: trials.
Context: trials.
VictimVíctima
Definition: person harmed result of crime/accident.
Context: criminal law.
Context: criminal law.
Victim AdvocateDefensor de la víctima / Asistente de la víctima
Definition: professional supporting victims.
Context: sentencing; services.
Context: sentencing; services.
Victim Impact StatementDeclaración de impacto de la víctima
Definition: statement detailing harm presented at sentencing.
Context: sentencing phase.
Context: sentencing phase.
ViolationViolación / Incumplimiento
Definition: action of violating someone/something.
Context: law enforcement.
Context: law enforcement.
Violation of Probation (VOP)Violación de la libertad a prueba
Definition: failure to comply with probation terms.
Context: probation hearings.
Context: probation hearings.
Voir DireVoir dire / Interrogatorio de selección del jurado
Definition: process of questioning prospective jurors.
Context: selection.
Context: selection.
W
WaiveRenunciar
Definition: voluntarily give up a right.
Context: rights hearings.
Context: rights hearings.
WaiverRenuncia
Definition: act or instance of waiving a right.
Context: legal procedure.
Context: legal procedure.
WardPupilo / Tutelado
Definition: minor/incapacitated person under court protection.
Context: family law.
Context: family law.
Warrant (Arrest / Search)Orden judicial (de arresto / de registro)
Definition: judicial authorization for arrest/search.
Context: law enforcement.
Context: law enforcement.
Warrantless SearchRegistro sin orden judicial
Definition: search without warrant (must fall within exception).
Context: 4th Amendment.
Context: 4th Amendment.
Weapons PossessionPosesión de armas
Definition: unlawful possession of firearms/prohibited weapons.
Context: felony charges.
Context: felony charges.
WiretapIntervención telefónica / Escuchas
Definition: authorized electronic surveillance.
Context: organized crime investigations.
Context: organized crime investigations.
WitnessTestigo
Definition: person who sees event or has knowledge.
Context: trial evidence.
Context: trial evidence.
Witness StandEstrado de los testigos
Definition: place in courtroom where witness sits/stands.
Context: layout.
Context: layout.
Witness TamperingManipulación de testigos / Intimidación de testigos
Definition: interfering with testimony via threats/bribery.
Context: obstruction cases.
Context: obstruction cases.
Work ReleasePermiso de trabajo (reclusos)
Definition: allowing prisoners to leave confinement to work.
Context: corrections.
Context: corrections.
WritAuto judicial / Mandamiento
Definition: written command in court name.
Context: court orders.
Context: court orders.
Writ of CertiorariAuto de certiorari
Definition: higher court order reviewing lower court decision.
Context: appeals.
Context: appeals.
Writ of Habeas CorpusAuto de habeas corpus
Definition: order demanding justification for detention.
Context: post-conviction relief.
Context: post-conviction relief.
X
X-Ray EvidenceEvidencia radiológica
Definition: imaging evidence to identify contraband/bullets.
Context: forensics.
Context: forensics.
Xanax (Controlled Substance)Xanax (sustancia controlada)
Definition: Schedule IV benzodiazepine often in possession charges.
Context: drug cases.
Context: drug cases.
Y
Yield to Police OrdersObedecer órdenes policiales
Definition: legal duty to comply with lawful commands.
Context: arrests; stops.
Context: arrests; stops.
Youthful OffenderDelicuente juvenil / Ofensor juvenil
Definition: young defendant qualifying for reduced penalties.
Context: hybrid cases.
Context: hybrid cases.
Z
Zero Tolerance PolicyPolítica de tolerancia cero
Definition: approach imposing strict penalties without exceptions.
Context: criminal policy.
Context: criminal policy.
Zone of DangerZona de peligro
Definition: area of immediate risk of physical harm.
Context: violent offenses.
Context: violent offenses.
Zoning Violation (Criminal)Violación de zonificación (penal)
Definition: criminal charge from unauthorized land use.
Context: municipal enforcement.
Context: municipal enforcement.